Nowruz in ancient Iran is associated with its history, rituals, and traditions in the land of old Persia. Its origins date back to a time before the formation of Iran, even preceding the Median and Achaemenid periods. Around 3000 BCE, two major festivals were celebrated in Central and Western Asia: the Festival of Creation in early autumn. The Festival of Resurrection took place at the beginning of spring. Over time, these autumn and spring festivals merged into one, and the arrival of spring became a grand and unified celebration.
Note: This article is part of our archival content and belongs to a previous phase of our publication. Amaranth Magazine is now a dedicated literary magazine.
In the culture and traditions of every nation, there are days connected to the history and culture of that society. These days showcase its beliefs, cultural, and historical identity. Festivals and traditions related to the New Year are among the most widespread global rituals. Few nations or ethnic groups are without them.
Each society, based on its historical, cultural, and religious perspectives, celebrates the start of the new year through national ceremonies, religious rituals, and festive traditions. Similarly, Nowruz and the New Year celebrations of Iranians hold deep cultural, historical, and ethical significance. They coincide with the renewal of life and the blossoming of flowers, marking a time of rejuvenation. These factors collectively give Nowruz unique characteristics that distinguish it from the festivals of other nations and peoples.
Nowruz, meaning “New Day” in Persian, is the celebration of the Persian New Year, marking the arrival of spring and the renewal of nature. Rooted in ancient traditions, Nowruz symbolizes rebirth, hope, and the triumph of light over darkness. Observed for over 3,000 years across Iran, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and parts of the Middle East, it is a time for family gatherings, festive meals, and cultural rituals. The holiday embodies themes of purification, gratitude, and new beginnings, encouraging people to embrace positivity and renewal in their lives.
According to the history and traditions of Nowruz, this day marks the beginning of the new year in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and several Central Asian countries. Nowruz is also an official holiday in Azerbaijan, Albania, Georgia, Iraq (Kurdistan region), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkey. People widely celebrate Nowruz with joy and festivities in Russia, India, Pakistan, Syria, and China, especially among certain ethnic communities.
This ancient and historical festival originates from various ethnic groups in the region. However, it has developed a distinct Iranian identity and now symbolizes unity among Iranian people and ethnicities. Nowruz represents the rebirth of nature, a time of growth and renewal, when plants begin to bloom. People believe that, just like nature, humans should also embrace renewal by starting the new year with a fresh spirit, a purified mind, and new clothing.
The beginning of Nowruz coincides with the spring equinox. This is the moment when the sun, in its apparent movement, crosses the Earth’s equator. It occurs at the beginning of Aries (the zodiac sign), making day and night equal in length. In the solar calendar, the exact moment of the new year marks the start of the first day. People know this day as Hormoz Day or Ormazd Day, and it marks the beginning of the month of Farvardin.
Etymology of the Word “Nowruz”
The word Nowruz originates from Middle Persian (nōgrōz), which itself has roots in the Avestan language. Historians have speculated its Avestan equivalent to be “navaka raocah.”
Today, in Persian, this word has two different meanings:
- General Nowruz (Nowruz-‘Am). The day of the spring equinox (equal length of day and night) and the beginning of the new year.
- Specific Nowruz (Nowruz-Khass). The sixth day of Farvardin, known as “Khordad Day.”
The ancient Iranians referred to Nowruz as “Nawa Sarda,” meaning New Year. Additionally, during the periods of the Sogdians and Khwarezmian dynasties, the Iranian people of Central Asia called Nowruz “Nusard” or “Nusarji.” Both terms mean New Year.
Where is the origin of Nowruz?
Various ethnic groups celebrate Nowruz and have shaped its Iranian identity, making it a symbol of unity among the Iranian people and ethnicities. UNESCO has registered the “International Day of Nowruz” as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity.
Nowruz Traditions in Iran
Chaharshanbe Suri (Fire Festival)
The Nowruz celebrations consist of a series of festivities and traditions. The festival begins with the rituals of Chaharshanbe Suri (the Fire Festival), followed by a visit to the cemeteries on the last Thursday of the year to honor deceased loved ones.
Spring Cleaning (Khaneh-Tekani)
Another important Nowruz tradition in Iran is Khaneh-Tekani (spring cleaning). Families and communities that celebrate Nowruz follow this custom as a symbolic act of renewal and purification. According to the history and traditions of Nowruz, people thoroughly clean their homes, dust furniture, and wash household items. This tradition is also observed in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
Lighting Fires
Since ancient times, lighting fires has been a customary practice in certain regions. In Iran, Azerbaijan, and parts of Afghanistan, this tradition is observed as part of Chaharshanbe Suri, during which people light bonfires on the last Wednesday night of the year.
The Power of Spiritual Transformation in the New Year
At the start of the new year, people offer prayers, seeking divine guidance for personal and spiritual growth. True transformation, however, involves distancing the heart from negativity, awakening the conscience, and striving for self-improvement. This journey of inner change leads to enlightenment and fosters a deeper connection with God.
On this day, it is customary to pray for blessings, success, and the development of human virtues. A traditional prayer reflects this aspiration:
“Patrolling around the radiant sun, the land of Iran
A new day has come, and joy has emerged from hiding
Oh you, God, oh you, the turner of love and the sky
Make this time and this land the best for me.”
In Persian:
گشت گرداگرد مهر تابناک ، ایران زمین
روز نو آمد و شد شادی برون زندر کمین
ای تو یزدان ، ای تو گرداننده ی مهر و سپهر
برترینش کن برایم این زمان و این زمین
In Arabic:
یَا مُقَلِّبَ الْقُلُوبِ وَ الْأَبْصَارِ، یَا مُدَبِّرَ اللَّیْلِ وَ النَّهَارِ
یَا مُحَوِّلَ الْحَوْلِ وَ الْأَحْوَالِ، حَوِّلْ حَالَنَا إِلَی أَحْسَنِ الْحَال
Gifting and Giving Eidi During Nowruz
One of the traditions of Nowruz is that adults give Eidi (gifts or money) to children. This is a beautiful custom, as it strengthens love and affection between generations.
Giving gifts during the New Year is a meaningful and cherished tradition that symbolizes respect and kindness toward one another. The act of giving Nowruz gifts not only marks the beginning of a new year but also provides an opportunity to express emotions and strengthen social and family bonds.
Nowruz Table (Haft-Seen)
According to the history and traditions of Nowruz, setting up the Nowruz table, known in Iran as Haft-Seen, is an essential part of the celebrations. The elements of this table are divided into two categories:
- Symbolic Items: Such as garlic (Seer), coins (Sekkeh), wheat pudding (Samanu), sprouts (Sabzeh), the Quran, and more.
- Edible and Hospitality Items: Such as various nuts, traditional or modern sweets, served to guests.
Setting up the table involves specific traditions. Besides the Haft-Seen items, the table also includes a mirror, candles, and water. Additionally, goldfish and decorated eggs are commonly placed on the table, as mentioned in Nowruz history and traditions.
Symbolic Meaning of the Seven Items on the Haft-Seen Table
- Sabzeh (Sprouts): Grown from wheat or lentils, symbolizing the rebirth of nature.
- Samanu (Wheat Pudding): A sweet dish made from wheat sprouts, symbolizing sweetness and prosperity in life.
- Seeb (Apple): A red apple, representing beauty and health.
- Senjed (Oleaster Fruit): A sweet fruit, symbolizing love. Seer (Garlic): Representing health and protection.
- Somaq (Sumac): A Persian spice, symbolizing the color of dawn and the victory of light over darkness.
- Sekkeh (Coin): Symbolizing wealth and prosperity.
- Some people also include Serkeh (Vinegar), representing patience and wisdom gained with age.
We also place a mirror on the Haft-Seen table to begin and end the year with honesty. It symbolizes light, clarity, and purity and should be positioned at the top of the table.
Candles are an essential element of Haft-Seen, representing light and brightness—a wish for a luminous year for both family and society. They also symbolize fire and warmth, which bring life and growth. Candles in Haft-Seen come in various colors, each with a special meaning: green symbolizes health and renewal, red represents love and passion, blue signifies the sky and water, and yellow embodies the sun and prosperity.
Colorful eggs are one of the most charming details of the Haft-Seen table, symbolizing life, birth, and renewal. They embody hope for a bright, joyful, and prosperous future. Decorated with vibrant colors and creative designs, these painted eggs not only add beauty to the display but also infuse it with liveliness and energy.
Nowruz Visits (Eid Didani) – A New Year Tradition
Another important Nowruz tradition is “Eid Didani”, also known as New Year’s Visits. It is customary on the first day of Nowruz to visit the elders of the family, prominent relatives, and respected figures in the community, including scholars and social leaders. In many of these gatherings, all family members participate. Historical and literary texts primarily document the official New Year visits among royal courts, rulers, and high-ranking officials.
These Nowruz visits begin on the first days of Farvardin (the first month of the Persian calendar), which is a national holiday, and sometimes continue until the 13th of Farvardin (or even until the end of the month) among relatives, friends, and acquaintances. These gatherings often last well into the night, especially for those who are unable to take time off from work during the day.
Before the rise of Nowruz travel traditions, when cities and neighborhoods were smaller and work or community-based social connections were stronger, Nowruz visits were seen as a social obligation. Many acquaintances would only meet once a year—during these Nowruz gatherings.
However, factors such as urban expansion, population growth, the dispersion of traditional families, job constraints, and the rise of apartment living culture have contributed to a decline in these visits. Due to these challenges and time limitations, even families who do not travel for Nowruz often plan their New Year’s visits in advance.
Sizdah Bedar: A Celebration of Nature and Joy
Sizdah Bedar is an ancient Iranian tradition where, after twelve days of Nowruz celebrations, people spend the thirteenth day of Farvardin in nature. This day is an opportunity for rejuvenation, gratitude, and enjoying the beauty of the outdoors. Iranians have long believed that celebrating with joy on this day brings a happy and prosperous year ahead.
One of the most important rituals of this day is tying the sabzeh (sprouted greens), symbolizing hope and good wishes. Families prepare traditional dishes such as Ash Reshteh, Dami Baghala, Kebab, and Sekanjebin, creating cherished moments together. In some regions, local herbs are used in cooking, reflecting the deep connection between Iranians and nature.
Group games and family activities are an essential part of the celebrations. Traditional games like Haft Sang and wrestling, along with modern activities such as cycling and ball games, bring joy and laughter. Sizdah Bedar is a symbol of happiness, friendship, and reconnecting with nature, celebrated with great enthusiasm every year.
International Nowruz Day: A Global Celebration of Unity and Renewal
The United Nations declared March 21 as the International Day of Nowruz in 2010, following UNESCO’s 2009 recognition of the festival’s cultural significance. This highlights Nowruz’s role in promoting peace, diversity, and renewal while encouraging its preservation across generations.
Beyond its historical roots, International Nowruz Day serves as a powerful reminder of our shared human heritage. As nations and communities come together to celebrate, they reinforce principles of mutual respect, dialogue, and cross-cultural understanding. Events and gatherings organized under the UN framework encourage the exchange of traditions and ideas, showcasing Nowruz as a festival that transcends geographical and political boundaries. In an increasingly interconnected world, Nowruz continues to symbolize harmony, new beginnings, and the collective aspiration for a more peaceful and inclusive global society.
Final Thoughts
Nowruz is more than just a cultural celebration; it is a symbol of renewal, hope, and the triumph of light over darkness. As families gather to mark the occasion, they take part in cherished customs such as cleaning their homes, setting the Haft Sin table, and engaging in festive fire rituals. These traditions, passed down through generations, bring communities together, fostering unity and a sense of shared identity. Whether through communal feasts, vibrant street festivals, or intimate family gatherings, Nowruz invites people to celebrate life’s renewal and embrace the promise of new beginnings.
Nowruz is the festival of nature. It marks the beginning of spring, the season of balance in nature, pleasant weather, and the equalization of day and night. It is a time of liberation from the harshness of winter and the long, cold, and dark nights. Nowruz is a celebration accompanied by the songs of birds, the grandeur of forests, the whispers of the wind, and the blossoming of the fields. This festival invites people to reconnect with the world around them, honoring nature’s rhythms and embracing the sense of rebirth that spring brings to both the earth and the human spirit.
